Conn's syndrome

Conn's syndrome also called primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by an excess production of aldosterone by one or both adrenal glands. Overproduction of aldosterone can be caused by both glands, noncancerous lumps in one adrenal gland, or, in rare cases, cancerous tumors.

Aldosterone helps the body's ability to retain salt and water while eliminating potassium. Excess aldosterone production causes a sodium, water, and potassium imbalance.

Signs and symptoms

Typical signs of primary aldosteronism include high blood pressure and low blood potassium levels. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risk of complications such as heart attack and stroke, whereas low potassium can cause cardiac rhythm disorders. Other symptoms may include:

• Excessive thirst
• Fatigue
• Frequent urination
• Headache
• Muscle cramps
• Visual disturbances
• Weakness or tingling

Diagnosis

Blood tests to determine the levels of aldosterone, renin, sodium, and potassium. CT and MRI may be recommended for further testing to rule out adrenal gland tumors.

Treatment

If excess aldosterone is generated by both adrenal glands, a low-sodium diet and aldosterone-antagonist medications like spironolactone or eplerenone that inhibit the effects of aldosterone may be prescribed.

If only a single adrenal gland produces excessive aldosterone, surgical removal may be advised. Changes in lifestyle like regular exercise, lowering alcohol consumption, lowering dietary salt intake, and quitting smoking are also recommended.

Follow up

After using the prescribed tablets correctly, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia can achieve potassium level stabilization. However, patients are advised to continue numerous anti-hypertensive drugs to regulate their blood pressure.

Even after successful surgical treatment, patients should undergo annual blood tests to check potassium, aldosterone, and renin levels. Patients should consult their endocrinologist on a frequent basis.