Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance that occurs when the ovaries produce excess hormones called androgens. This causes the reproductive hormones to become imbalanced. As a result, women with PCOS often have irregular menstrual cycles, missed periods, and unpredictable ovulation. On ultrasound, small fluid-filled sacs with immature eggs called follicular cysts may be visible on ovaries due to lack of ovulation.

PCOS is diagnosed when you have at least two of the following symptoms:

  • Irregular periods
  • Abnormal hair growth over the face or body
  • Acne
  • Obesity
  • Darkening of the skin
  • Skin tags
  • Thinning of scalp hair
  • Infertility

Women who have PCOS are at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and high blood pressure. PCOS is more common in women who have a mother or sibling with PCOS.

A physical exam, pelvic exam, blood tests, and an ultrasound may be performed to diagnose PCOS. PCOS may raise your risk of miscarriages, especially during early stages of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, preeclampsia- a condition characterised by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as kidneys and liver. PCOS also increases risk of preterm labour, fetal growth restriction, Cesarean section due to complications during delivery.

Although there is no definitive cure for PCOS, diet, exercise, and medications can help reduce symptoms. Birth control tablets help regulate periods, lower androgen levels. PCOS-related infertility treatments may include medications, surgery, and in vitro fertilization (IVF). With proper care and healthcare advice, many women with PCOS can have a healthy pregnancy and delivery.