Pituitary tumors

What are pituitary tumors?

Pituitary tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland, a small, pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain. This gland plays a crucial role in regulating various hormones in the body.

Types of pituitary tumors

  1. Functioning tumors: These tumors produce excess hormones, leading to various symptoms depending on the hormone involved.
  2. Nonfunctioning tumors: These do not produce hormones but can cause symptoms by pressing on surrounding tissues.

Based on the size of the tumor, pituitary tumors are categorized into

  1. Microadenomas: The tumors that are smaller than 10 millimeters or 1 centimeter.
  2. Macroadenomas: These tumors that are larger than 10 millimeters.

Symptoms

The symptoms of pituitary tumors vary based on the type and size of the tumor:

  • Hormonal imbalance: Overproduction or underproduction of hormones can lead to conditions like Cushing’s disease, Acromegaly, or Hypothyroidism.
  • Vision problems: Large tumors can press on the optic nerves, causing vision loss.
  • Headaches: Persistent headaches are common due to the pressure exerted by the tumor.
  • Hormonal deficiency: Pituitary macroadenomas can cause pituitary hormone deficiencies, resulting in hypopituitarism. These deficiencies cause various symptoms, including hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and growth hormone deficiency. Hypogonadism causes low testosterone and estrogen, while hypothyroidism results in low thyroid hormone production. Adrenal insufficiency reduces cortisol production, while growth hormone deficiency results in low growth hormone production. Symptoms vary based on age and age.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

  • Blood and Urine Tests: To check hormone levels
  • Imaging Tests: MRI or CT scans to visualize the tumor
  • Vision Testing: To assess any impact on eyesight

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the type and size of the tumor:

  • Surgery: Often the first line of treatment, especially for large or symptomatic tumors.
  • Medication: Used to control hormone production in functioning tumors.
  • Radiation Therapy: May be used if surgery isn’t fully effective or feasible.

Most pituitary tumors are benign and grow slowly, but they can still cause significant health issues if not managed properly.